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Housing: The User's Crucial Role
Improving a building’s energy efficiency can be achieved both through passive methods that enhance its intrinsic features, particularly at the time of design and construction, and active methods that depend on the user and how they manage their consumption. Passive measures take time, require a holistic approach and can be very expensive. Active measures are less costly (or, indeed, cost-free), and deliver immediate gains.
Active Methods: Focus on the User
The originality of active measures is that the building's occupant is directly involved.1 This crucial role depends on three core elements:
- Measuring consumption. The “smart” electricityForm of energy resulting from the movement of charged particles (electrons) through a conductor... and gas meters being phased in in many countries can accurately identify different sources of consumption such as heating, hot water, air conditioning, lighting, and other household appliances. They enable electricity companies to fine-tune their plans and will make it easier to manage new usages, such as the integration of locally generated solar powerIn physics, power is the amount of energy supplied by a system per unit time. In simpler terms, power can be viewed as energy output... , and electric car charging. In France, these include Linky electricity meters and Gazpar gas meters.
- Regulating and programming. Regulating heating serves to maintain room temperature at a desired level, while programming controls heating with the aid of increasingly sophisticated sensors and control panel tablets.
- Changing user behavior. Accepting to live with a degree less of indoor heatIn the field of statistical thermodynamics today, heat refers to the transfer of the thermal agitation of the particles making up matter... in the winter and a degree more in summer reduces consumption by 5% to 10% according to the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME). The choice of equipment also has a big impact. A European study found that energy consumption by refrigerators dropped by 25% between 2005 and 2015, provided that consumers do not see technical advancements as an opportunity to buy a refrigerator that is twice as large! Improvements to light bulbs, particularly LEDs, have also significantly reduced consumption compared to incandescent bulbs (see Close-up: In Our Daily Lives).
Accepting to live with a degree less of heat indoors in winter can result in energy savings of5% to 10%
On the same topic
Passive Methods: Renovation and Construction Standards
Improving the intrinsic features of the housing stock involves drafting stricter regulations for new construction and upgrading heating systems in existing buildings. In France, such rules are set out in the “RT” thermal regulations, which have been periodically updated since 1974.
Several main areas are now prioritized:
- Situating buildings properly in relation to the sun and careful management of sunlight. In addition to shade screens adaptable to building facades, manufacturers are working on electrochromic glazing that adjusts its tint to the amount of sunshine and the outside temperature.
- Managing the combination of aeration and ventilation. Efficient ventilation prevents excess humidity and promotes a healthy living space. This means installing a double-flow controlled mechanical ventilation system that recovers the heat of the stale air extracted from the house and uses it to heat the incoming air from outside.
Ventilating a house is essential for reducing its heating needs.
- The third area is thermal insulation, an essential step to take before opting for a more efficient heating system.(2) In new builds, it is important to avoid thermal bridges, which cause heat loss at wall/floor and wall/ceiling junctions. Exterior thermal insulation, i.e., an insulating coat of polystyrenePolystyrene is a plastic with a wide range of uses, the most common being expanded polystyrene... covering critical areas like a second skin, is highly efficient. The insulation is based on the design of more efficient materials with very small pore sizes, which prevent the movement of molecules. Phase-changing materials are also capable of storing heat during daytime by changing from solid to liquid, then releasing the heat in the evening by becoming solid again.
The long-term objective is to ensure that new buildings are energy positive, meaning that they must produce more energy than they consume. The energy may be generated by solar panels, heat pumps, wood-burning stoves, thermodynamic water heaters, etc.
Sources:
(1) See ADEME recommendations (in French)
(2) ADEME Guide – Insulating your home (in French)